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en:electronics:antenna-theory:dipole-derivation [2013/02/19 08:06] alex |
en:electronics:antenna-theory:dipole-derivation [2014/10/20 23:04] (current) alex |
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| ====== Dipole antenna radiation pattern derivation ====== | ====== Dipole antenna radiation pattern derivation ====== | ||
| - | For a dipole antenna oriented along the z axis with length L, the far-field radiation pattern can be derived as follows: | + | For a dipole antenna centered on the origin and oriented along the z axis with length L, the far-field radiation pattern can be derived as follows: |
| The current on the antenna will be approximately sinusoidal, with zeros at the ends of the antenna, represented by | The current on the antenna will be approximately sinusoidal, with zeros at the ends of the antenna, represented by | ||
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| \begin{eqnarray*} | \begin{eqnarray*} | ||
| - | A_z = \frac{\mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r} \left [ \int_{\frac{-L}{2}}^0 \! \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} + z' \right) \right) e^{jkz' \cos \theta} \, \mathrm{d}z' + \\ | + | A_z = \frac{\mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{4\pi r} \left [ \int_{\frac{-L}{2}}^0 \! \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} + z' \right) \right) e^{jkz' \cos \theta} \, \mathrm{d}z' \right. + \\ |
| - | \int_0^{\frac{L}{2}} \! \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - z' \right) \right) e^{jkz' \cos \theta} \, \mathrm{d}z' \right ] | + | \left. \int_0^{\frac{L}{2}} \! \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - z' \right) \right) e^{jkz' \cos \theta} \, \mathrm{d}z' \right ] |
| \end{eqnarray*} | \end{eqnarray*} | ||
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| \begin{eqnarray*} | \begin{eqnarray*} | ||
| - | \alpha = \frac{1}{k \sin^2 \theta} \left [ \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - z' \right) \right) \cos(kz' \cos \theta) - \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - z' \right) \right) \cos(kz' \cos \theta) \cos \theta \right ] | + | \alpha = \frac{1}{k \sin^2 \theta} \left [ \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - z' \right) \right) \cos(kz' \cos \theta) - \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - z' \right) \right) \sin(kz' \cos \theta) \cos \theta \right ] |
| \end{eqnarray*} | \end{eqnarray*} | ||
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| \begin{eqnarray*} | \begin{eqnarray*} | ||
| A_z = \frac{\mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{2\pi r k \sin^2 \theta} \left [ \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - \frac{L}{2} \right) \right) \cos(k\frac{L}{2} \cos \theta) -\\ | A_z = \frac{\mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{2\pi r k \sin^2 \theta} \left [ \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - \frac{L}{2} \right) \right) \cos(k\frac{L}{2} \cos \theta) -\\ | ||
| - | \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - \frac{L}{2} \right) \right) \cos(k\frac{L}{2} \cos \theta) \cos \theta - \\ | + | \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - \frac{L}{2} \right) \right) \sin(k\frac{L}{2} \cos \theta) \cos \theta - \\ |
| \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - 0 \right) \right) \cos(k 0 \cos \theta) +\\ | \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - 0 \right) \right) \cos(k 0 \cos \theta) +\\ | ||
| - | \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - 0 \right) \right) \cos(k0 \cos \theta) \cos \theta \right ] | + | \sin \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} - 0 \right) \right) \sin(k 0 \cos \theta) \cos \theta \right ] |
| \end{eqnarray*} | \end{eqnarray*} | ||
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| \begin{eqnarray*} | \begin{eqnarray*} | ||
| - | A_z = \frac{\mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{2\pi r k \sin^2 \theta} \left [ \cos \left ( k\frac{L}{2} \cos \theta \right ) - \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} \right) \right) \right ] | + | A_z = \frac{\mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{2\pi r k \sin^2 \theta} \left [ \cos \left ( \frac{kL}{2} \cos \theta \right ) - \cos \left( \frac{kL}{2} \right) \right ] |
| \end{eqnarray*} | \end{eqnarray*} | ||
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| \begin{eqnarray*} | \begin{eqnarray*} | ||
| - | E_\theta &=& -j \omega \eta A_T \\ | + | E_\theta &=& -j \omega A_T \\ |
| A_T &=& A_z \sin \theta \\ | A_T &=& A_z \sin \theta \\ | ||
| - | E_\theta &=& \frac{-j \omega \eta \mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{2\pi r k \sin \theta} \left [ \cos \left (k\frac{L}{2} \cos \theta \right ) - \cos \left( k \left( \frac{L}{2} \right) \right) \right ] | + | E_\theta &=& \frac{-j \omega \mu I_0 e^{-jkr}}{2\pi r k \sin \theta} \left [ \cos \left (\frac{kL}{2} \cos \theta \right ) - \cos \left( \frac{kL}{2} \right) \right ] |
| \end{eqnarray*} | \end{eqnarray*} | ||
| - | This equation for $E_\theta$ is the general form for the theta component in spherical coordinates of the far-field E field of any dipole antenna. The r component is zero as it is a dipole and the phi component is zero due to its orientation along the z-axis. | + | This equation for $E_\theta$ is the general form for the theta component in spherical coordinates of the far-field E field of a dipole antenna of any length oriented along the z-axis. The r component is zero due to the far-field assumption and the phi component is zero due to the electric field's orientation along the z-axis. |