Resets in PCI express are a bit complex. There are two main types of resets - conventional reset, and function-level reset. There are also two types of conventional resets, fundamental resets and non-fundamental resets. See the PCI express specification for all of the details.
A 'cold reset' is a fundamental reset that takes place after power is applied to a PCIe device. There appears to be no standard way of triggering a cold reset, save for turning the system off and back on again. On my machines, the /sys/bus/pci/slots directory is empty.
A 'warm reset' is a fundamental reset that is triggered without disconnecting power from the device. There appears to be no standard way of triggering a warm reset.
A 'hot reset' is a conventional reset that is triggered across a PCI express link. A hot reset is triggered either when a link is forced into electrical idle or by sending TS1 and TS2 ordered sets with the hot reset bit set. Software can initiate a hot reset by setting and then clearing the secondary bus reset bit in the bridge control register in the PCI configuration space of the bridge port upstream of the device.
A 'function-level reset' (FLR) is a reset that affects only a single function of a PCI express device. It must not reset the entire PCIe device. Implementing function-level resets is not required by the PCIe specification. A function-level reset is initiated by setting the initiate function-level reset bit in the function's device control register in the PCI express capability structure in the PCI configuration space.
Linux exposes the function-level reset functionality in the form of /sys/bus/pci/devices/$dev/reset. Writing a 1 to this file will initiate a function-level reset on the corresponding function. Note that this only affects that specific function of the device, not the whole device, and devices are not required to implement function-level resets as per the PCIe specification.
I am not aware of any 'nice' method for triggering a hot reset (there is no sysfs entry for that). However, it is possible to use setpci to do so with the following script:
#!/bin/bash dev=$1 if [ -z "$dev" ]; then echo "Error: no device specified" exit 1 fi if [ ! -e "/sys/bus/pci/devices/$dev" ]; then dev="0000:$dev" fi if [ ! -e "/sys/bus/pci/devices/$dev" ]; then echo "Error: device $dev not found" exit 1 fi port=$(basename $(dirname $(readlink "/sys/bus/pci/devices/$dev"))) if [ ! -e "/sys/bus/pci/devices/$port" ]; then echo "Error: device $port not found" exit 1 fi echo "Removing $dev..." echo 1 > "/sys/bus/pci/devices/$dev/remove" echo "Performing hot reset of port $port..." bc=$(setpci -s $port BRIDGE_CONTROL) echo "Bridge control:" $bc setpci -s $port BRIDGE_CONTROL=$(printf "%04x" $(("0x$bc" | 0x40))) sleep 0.01 setpci -s $port BRIDGE_CONTROL=$bc sleep 0.5 echo "Rescanning bus..." echo 1 > "/sys/bus/pci/devices/$port/rescan"
Ensure that all attached drivers are unloaded before running this script. This script will attempt to remove the PCIe device, then command the upstream switch port to issue a hot reset, then attempt to rescan the PCIe bus. This script has also only been tested on devices with a single function, so it may need some reworking for devices with multiple functions.